Basic Linux Operation
Linux
Is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds The Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led to some controversy.
Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system. Because of the dominance of Android on smartphones, Linux has the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems. Linux is also the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers, and is used on 99.6% of the TOP 500 supercomputers. It is used by around 2.3% of desktop computers as well as in Chrome OS. Chromebooks dominate the US K–12 education market and represent nearly 20% of the sub-$300 notebook sales in the US. Linux also runs on embedded systems – devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This includes smartphones and tablet computers running Android and other Linux derivatives, TiVo and similar DVR devices, network routers, facility automation controls, televisions, video game consoles and smartwatches.
The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. The underlyingsource code may be used, modified and distributed—commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License. Typically, Linux is packaged in a form known as a Linux distribution (or distro for short) for both desktop and server use. Some of the most popular mainstream Linux distributions[29][30][31] are Arch Linux, CentOS,Debian, Fedora, Gentoo Linux, Linux Mint, Mageia, open SUSE and Ubuntu, together with commercial distributions such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Distributions include the Linux kernel, supporting utilities and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project, and usually a large amount of application software to fulfill the distribution's intended use.
Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system, such as X11, Mir or a Wayland implementation, and an accompanying desktop environment such as GNOME or the KDE Software Compilation; some distributions may also include a less resource-intensive desktop, such as LXDE or Xfce. Distributions intended to run on servers may omit all graphical environments from the standard install, and instead include other software to set up and operate a solution stack such as LAMP. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use.
The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. The underlyingsource code may be used, modified and distributed—commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License. Typically, Linux is packaged in a form known as a Linux distribution (or distro for short) for both desktop and server use. Some of the most popular mainstream Linux distributions[29][30][31] are Arch Linux, CentOS,Debian, Fedora, Gentoo Linux, Linux Mint, Mageia, open SUSE and Ubuntu, together with commercial distributions such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Distributions include the Linux kernel, supporting utilities and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project, and usually a large amount of application software to fulfill the distribution's intended use.
Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system, such as X11, Mir or a Wayland implementation, and an accompanying desktop environment such as GNOME or the KDE Software Compilation; some distributions may also include a less resource-intensive desktop, such as LXDE or Xfce. Distributions intended to run on servers may omit all graphical environments from the standard install, and instead include other software to set up and operate a solution stack such as LAMP. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use.
The following are some basic Linux(UBUNTU) commands.
How to start the terminal.
- Go to application menu and then type "terminal" or
- Press Ctr + Alt +T
Get commands manual:
- man
- man man (Manual about man)
- man intro
- help
- infor
List directory and files:
- ls
Making directory
- mkdir (name of directory) "example: mkdir document"
Change directory:
- cd my_destination_directory
- cd (to_to_the_root_directory)
- cd.. (one step back)
Rename file or folder
- mv
example mv my_file.extension rename.extention
or mv my_folder rename
Moving file or folder
- mv
example: mv *.extantion mydestination_folder
(*implies all)
Making a copy of a file or directory
- cp
example: cp myfolder/file.extantion mynewFolder/file.extantion
To view text files
- "Go to the specific folder using the command cd and type less.txt"
- cd myFolder
- less file.text
Go back and look at commands I type whean I'm lazy
- history
Reboot a system or server
- sudo shut down -r now
Show the name of previous directory
- pwd
Clear the current screen
- clear
Delete or remove file in your directory
- rm fileName
Delete an empty directory
- rmdir
Delete directory with all its contents
- rm -r
Display or change date and time
- date
Allow you to search for previous entered commands
- Crt + R
Stop process from running
- Kill
- Kill all: kill process by name
Checking ip-address
- ifconfig
Check network connection
- ping
"Note: Bullet-ed words are the commands of ubuntu"
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